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Data communication is crucial for our digital world. It connects us to the devices and services that we depend on. It encompasses a variety of methods and media that control how information flows from one end to the next. Understanding how it works enables us to design an efficient and reliable networks that offer the benefits of increased connectivity like improved business efficiencies and productivity as well as innovations in automation.

The fundamental concept behind data communication is the transfer of data from one computer to another via an intermediary or channel. This can be done via the use of a wire cable, radio frequency, satellite signal or wirelessly. The sender is the person or device transmitting data and the receiver is the computer receiving the data. A data communication network can contain more than two computers involved in a communication process.

Demultiplexing and multiplexing are both useful communication technologies that allow several signals to be sent over an medium at once, thus optimizing the bandwidth used and reducing costs. Both processes require specific equipment which can combine and separate signals. Custom integrated circuits are often used to perform this function and can be found in a variety of communications products that include computers, cell phones, and printers.

Full-duplex communication is a type of data transmission that permits simultaneous two-way communication between a pair of devices. This type of communication is more complicated than simplex transmission, as it requires the ability to send and receive data simultaneously.